Open Archives Initiative (OAI)

A low-barrier interoperable
standard for the dissemination
of content

In priniciple, not tied to a
specific purpose

Note: open in terms of open
architecture, not necessarily) free

Protocol for Metadata Harvesting

Defines standard for advertising metadata in a repository.

Standard packages for harvesting have been defined.

DP 9

A standard for exposing metadata to web crawlers as web pages.

Identifiers

Week 4 Min-Yen KAN

*Partially based on William Arms presentation at Cornell University

Modified by permission

Desirable Properties of Identifiers

Location independent name

Globally unique

Persistent across time

Choice of human generated or automatic generation

Fast resolution

Decentralized administration

Supported from standard user interfaces

Identifier systems

We’ll look at several different systems today

URN

PURL

DOI

OpenURL

Uniform Resource Names (URN)

Globally unique, persistent, and accessible over the network

Persistence: That is, the URN will be globally unique forever.

Scalability: URNs can be assigned to any resource

Legacy / Extensible: Backward and forward compatible

Some Examples:

urn:hdl:cnri.dlib/august95

urn:lifn:some.domain:anything-goes-here

urn:path:/A/B/C/doc.html

urn:inet:library.bigstate.edu:aj17-mcc

Persistent URLs

http://purl.org/

PURL is a normal URL

Implement a layer of indirection

Uses standard HTTP redirect

Simple model

More details on PURL

Partial redirection

http://purl.org/kanmy/pictures/nus.jpg

http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~kanmy/
pictures/nus.jpg

A PURL with no associated indirection causes the PURL resolver to generate a history page

Private and universal indirection with access control

PURL Issues

Places the burden of resolution on the manager of information

PURL resolvers don’t know about each other: federated, no centralized registry

If URL goes down, doesn’t force or notify maintainer

Doesn’t guarantee that document will be available, indirection can lead to a 404

Examples of DOIs

Hierarchy of Naming Authorities

Address Rules

The Global Handle Service stores:

a record for each naming authority

a record for each local handle service

The record for each naming authority includes:

the home handle service for that naming authority

For each handle, the home handle service stores:

the handle record

Multiple Resolution

Leave the resolution up to the client

Return all DOI data to the client

DOIs in action

Flexibility

Reorganization by Publisher

Change of Publisher

Citation

Catalogs and Indices

Multiple Copies

The General Model

DOI Summary

Uses multiple levels of indirection

More robust than PURL

But also more complicated, relies on central authority

Supported by consortium of publishers (big and small)

OpenURL

A identifier system that takes user’s context into account

Created to solve the appropriate copy problem

"Different providers use different URL..."

Different providers use different URL and points of access to the data

Indirection in OpenURL

Dissociate document from vendor-, library-specific provisions

OpenURL lists access metadata only

Input: OpenURL Example

Moll JR, Olive & M, Vinson C. Attractive interhelical electrostatic
interactions in the proline- and acidic-rich region (PAR) leucine zipper
subfamily preclude heterodimerization with other basic leucine zipper
subfamilies. J Biol Chem. 2000 Nov 3 ; 275(44):34826-32.
doi:10.1074/jbc.M004545200

http://sfx1.exlibris-usa.com/demo?sid=ebsco:medline&aulast=Moll&auinit=JR&date=
2000-11-03&stitle=J%20Biol%20Chem&volume=275&issue=44&spage=34826

http://sfxserv.rug.ac.be:8888/rug?id=doi:10.1074/jbc.M004545200

Legend:

red - BASE-URL of service component

blue - identifier of the resource where the user clicks the OpenURL, added by publisher’s rewrite

grey - metadata and identifiers

DOI can be used to resolve the actual content

OpenURL Issues

Service component gets metadata query information

Access and use information goes to library, not to publisher

Not just user-to-user, but for generalized dynamic linking

Web page to journal article full-text

Abstract to library catalog collection

Demo:
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/distributed-systems/openurl/

Summary

PURLs

Good for small, local solutions

Single level indirection

DOI

Multiple, hierarchical layers of indirection

Purpose:

Actionable identifiers to content

Resolution to multiple items of current state data

Notably including location(s) and metadata

OpenURL

Purpose: solves appropriate copy problem

Selects between multiple items returned by DOI

References

URN: http://www.w3.org/Addressing/

PURL: http://www.purl.org/

DOI: http://www.doi.org/

openURL: http://www.sfxit.com/open/index.html

Tea break!

See ya!

Digital Library Policy

Week 4 Min-Yen KAN

Legal, Economical, and Social Aspects

Outline

Intellectual property rights

Economics of the (digital) library

Social Policy with respect to the DL

Jerome’s translation of the Bible

Perhaps the first copyright dispute

In 521, the Irish missionary Columba secretly copied a very treasured translation of the Bible. When his master Finnian found out, he demanded that Columba turn over the copy. Columba refused and the matter went to the High King of Ireland, Diarmit.

What do you guess the ruling was?

Two worlds: digital and print media

Rights Management

In general,

“Rights” can mean many things:

Access rights – can I see/use/copy it?

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – who owns it? Where do I go to get access rights?

Access Policy

We have been mostly concentrating on making the distribution of materials as easy and quick as possible.

But that’s not
always the case.

Restricting Access in DLs

Integrated with the Warwick Framework

Cryptolope

Steganography /
Document watermarking

Hardware solutions

No copy protection

Better than it may seem

Copyrights

Copyright

Public domain

Open source

Open Source Licensing

All open source licenses:

Allow free redistribution,

Make the source code available

Allow derived works (modify the code and offer a “new” program)

Must not discriminate against persons, groups, or fields of endeavor

Must not be product specific.

MIT License which grants unrestricted rights to copy, modify, and redistribute as long as the original copyright and license terms are retained.

BSD License requires acknowledgements to be made in advertisements and documentation.

The Artistic License allows unrestricted rights to copy, use, and locally modify. It allows the redistribution of modified binary programs, but restricts distribution of modified sources.

The GNU General Public License (GPL) requires that a program that uses portions of GPL'ed source code must also be licensed under the GPL.

Take a quick break: a survey

How much do you value your library?

Take a guess! à

Here’s are some ways to do it.

What’s the cost of buying the sources yourself?

What’s the opportunity cost if you didn’t have access to the information?

A cost model for libraries

Griffiths & King (93): corporate employees

Found that US companies spent about $400-1K per capita on libraries.

Reported about 3:1 return on investment

With library:

$515 Library subscription
cost

$95 Library

No library:

$3300 Cost to access
individual materials

These cost only includes buying material, not administrative time in acquiring them.

So actual savings is higher.

A brief history of the economics of information

Ancient Era

Public – for religious conversion

Private – for knowledge and prestige

The copying of the Bible by monks in the dark ages

To educate them

To spread religion

Gutenberg printing press

Johann Gutenberg
(c. 1397-1468):

Neither the inventor of moveable type nor printing

Paired a wine press with moveable type

Transformed Europe’s spread of information

First publication was the Bible

Speed allowed mass production and cheaper pricing

The dichotomy today

Public – for religious conversion
government clearinghouse

Make sure the public has:

Access to the information

Gets authoritative information

Private – for knowledge and prestige
business and entertainment

Economics of scholarly media

Will the automated library as we know it survive?

Two worlds: digital and print media

Models for digital economies

Subscription fees

Per month, per year

Connection time fee

Per minute (e.g., Mead Data Central)

Advertising

By an interested party

other economic models apply here

Access fee

Per download, may not have profile to remember that you accessed this resource before

Per-byte fee

Typical of connection services (e.g., Broadband)

Access versus ownership

With DL materials we can’t really track ownership, just access

Trend towards microanalysis

Publisher: better targeted marketing

Library: better profile of user community

Crisis for publishers

Ease of publication allows more information to be free

And for people to break copyright
(perhaps accidentally)

Ease of accessing (free) information deters users from accessing more cumbersome-to-use sources

Traditional functions of publishers are taken on by free services

Free e-journals do rigorous peer review

Search engines act as distributor

Self-archiving

To deposit a digital document in a publicly accessible website.

Preprint: before copyright restrictions have been signed

Not a true publication*: hasn’t been peer-reviewed, not in prestigious publication.

Detractors: accessibility will hurt future revenues of the journal

Perhaps 60-80% of a publisher’s budget doesn’t go towards the direct publication costs

E-prints

Differing acceptance from different fields

Physics: accept only if concurrently preprinted

Medicine, Business: accept only if not preprinted

E-journal model: who assumes the cost?

Authoring a text

Peer review

Marketing

Editor

Publication

Peer review limitations

Goal of peer review is to insure:

Previous work adequately acknowledged

Experimental methodology realistic and reproducible

Analysis of data justifies conclusions

Peters and Ceci (82):

Resubmitted 12 psychology articles already published with different author names, 8 of 9 recommended against acceptance and were rejected “serious methodological flaw”, not because of déjà vu.

Inglefinger study of NEJM reviewers:

Concordance of reviews only slightly better than chance

Reviewers not skilled in all areas of a study, unable to discern poor writing and have their own biases

Cost structuring

Movie distribution as a possible model (Lesk, p. 206)

Legal Deposit

Internet Archive and Bookmobile

Internet Archive

http://www.archive.org

An archive
of the www

“The goal of universal
access to our cultural
heritage is within our grasp.”

Are these examples of legal deposit?

Who funds this initiative?

Internet Bookmobile

Prints out of copyright books for reading

Over 1m books

$1 USD per book printed

Preservation

Y2K – two digits to mean four

If you knew COBOL, you could get a high paid job.

Legacy systems and knowledge need to be preserved

Use standard formats!

Media lifetime

Tape 15 years

CDR 10-50 years

HD 30 years

Software/Hardware lifetime

New hardware 3-7 years

Software cycles faster

How to access old files, applications?

The Digital Divide

A case of the rich getting richer?

Undoing the Divide

Can use access rights to impose an unequal payment scheme

Blackwell’s – all 600 journals made free to the Russian Federation.

JSTOR – cost to access its DL depends on the size of the organization.

Open source movement – make software available to anyone

Libraries of the Future

Immediate, random-access to recent knowledge

May not understand foundation material

More effort in selection of materials

Publisher models changing, unifying

International policy becoming more prominent

Customized books as the future?

To think about…

How does the economics of libraries and the information explosion influence publication rates? What about as we make the transition to the digital library?

Do you think self-archiving and e-journal venues pose a threat to the journal publisher?

As a single site, the Internet Archives, cannot keep track of all web pages on the web

Can you think of a better solution?

How would you go about designing a national web page archive for Singapore?

References

Copyright in Singapore
http://www.ipos.gov.sg/newdesign/indexpage/inner_frame.html?section=aboutip&sub=4

Self-Archiving FAQ
http://www.eprints.org/self-faq/

JSTOR

www.jstor.org

The future of libraries?
Stephenson, Neal (00) Diamond Age: A young lady’s illustrated primer, Doubleday


	A low-barrier interoperable standard for the dissemination of content
		In priniciple, not tied to a specific purpose
		Note: open in terms of open architecture, not necessarily) free

	Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
		Defines standard for advertising metadata in a repository.
		Standard packages for harvesting have been defined.
	DP 9
		A standard for exposing metadata to web crawlers as web pages.


	Week 4 Min-Yen KAN
	*Partially based on William Arms presentation at Cornell University
	Modified by permission


	Location independent name
	Globally unique
	Persistent across time
	Choice of human generated or automatic generation
	Fast resolution
	Decentralized administration
	Supported from standard user interfaces


	We’ll look at several different systems today

	URN
	PURL
	DOI
	OpenURL


	Globally unique, persistent, and accessible over the network
		Persistence: That is, the URN will be globally unique forever.
		Scalability: URNs can be assigned to any resource
		Legacy / Extensible: Backward and forward compatible
	Some Examples:

	urn:hdl:cnri.dlib/august95
	urn:lifn:some.domain:anything-goes-here
	urn:path:/A/B/C/doc.html
	urn:inet:library.bigstate.edu:aj17-mcc


	http://purl.org/
	PURL is a normal URL
	Implement a layer of indirection
	Uses standard HTTP redirect
	Simple model


	Partial redirection
		http://purl.org/kanmy/pictures/nus.jpg
		http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~kanmy/ pictures/nus.jpg

	A PURL with no associated indirection causes the PURL resolver to generate a history page

	Private and universal indirection with access control


	Places the burden of resolution on the manager of information
	PURL resolvers don’t know about each other: federated, no centralized registry
	If URL goes down, doesn’t force or notify maintainer
	Doesn’t guarantee that document will be available, indirection can lead to a 404


	The Global Handle Service stores:
	a record for each naming authority
	a record for each local handle service

	The record for each naming authority includes:
	the home handle service for that naming authority

	For each handle, the home handle service stores:
	the handle record


	Leave the resolution up to the client
	Return all DOI data to the client


	Uses multiple levels of indirection
	More robust than PURL
	But also more complicated, relies on central authority
	Supported by consortium of publishers (big and small)


	A identifier system that takes user’s context into account
	Created to solve the appropriate copy problem


	Different providers use different URL and points of access to the data


	Dissociate document from vendor-, library-specific provisions
	OpenURL lists access metadata only


	Moll JR, Olive & M, Vinson C. Attractive interhelical electrostatic interactions in the proline- and acidic-rich region (PAR) leucine zipper subfamily preclude heterodimerization with other basic leucine zipper subfamilies. J Biol Chem. 2000 Nov 3 ; 275(44):34826-32. doi:10.1074/jbc.M004545200

	http://sfx1.exlibris-usa.com/demo?sid=ebsco:medline&aulast=Moll&auinit=JR&date= 2000-11-03&stitle=J%20Biol%20Chem&volume=275&issue=44&spage=34826

	http://sfxserv.rug.ac.be:8888/rug?id=doi:10.1074/jbc.M004545200

	Legend:
		red - BASE-URL of service component
		blue - identifier of the resource where the user clicks the OpenURL, added by publisher’s rewrite
		grey - metadata and identifiers

	DOI can be used to resolve the actual content


	Service component gets metadata query information
		Access and use information goes to library, not to publisher
	Not just user-to-user, but for generalized dynamic linking
		Web page to journal article full-text
		Abstract to library catalog collection

	Demo: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/distributed-systems/openurl/


PURLs
	Good for small, local solutions
	Single level indirection

DOI
	Multiple, hierarchical layers of indirection
	Purpose:
		Actionable identifiers to content
		Resolution to multiple items of current state data
			Notably including location(s) and metadata

OpenURL
	Purpose: solves appropriate copy problem
	Selects between multiple items returned by DOI


	URN: http://www.w3.org/Addressing/
	PURL: http://www.purl.org/
	DOI: http://www.doi.org/
	openURL: http://www.sfxit.com/open/index.html


	Intellectual property rights

	Economics of the (digital) library

	Social Policy with respect to the DL


	Perhaps the first copyright dispute
	In 521, the Irish missionary Columba secretly copied a very treasured translation of the Bible. When his master Finnian found out, he demanded that Columba turn over the copy. Columba refused and the matter went to the High King of Ireland, Diarmit.

	What do you guess the ruling was?


	In general,
	“Rights” can mean many things:
		Access rights – can I see/use/copy it?
		Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – who owns it? Where do I go to get access rights?


	We have been mostly concentrating on making the distribution of materials as easy and quick as possible.
	But that’s not always the case.


	Integrated with the Warwick Framework
		Cryptolope
		Steganography / Document watermarking
		Hardware solutions
	No copy protection
		Better than it may seem


	All open source licenses:
	Allow free redistribution,
	Make the source code available
	Allow derived works (modify the code and offer a “new” program)
	Must not discriminate against persons, groups, or fields of endeavor
	Must not be product specific.
	MIT License which grants unrestricted rights to copy, modify, and redistribute as long as the original copyright and license terms are retained.
	BSD License requires acknowledgements to be made in advertisements and documentation.
	The Artistic License allows unrestricted rights to copy, use, and locally modify. It allows the redistribution of modified binary programs, but restricts distribution of modified sources.
	The GNU General Public License (GPL) requires that a program that uses portions of GPL'ed source code must also be licensed under the GPL.


	How much do you value your library?

	Take a guess! à


	Here’s are some ways to do it.
		What’s the cost of buying the sources yourself?
		What’s the opportunity cost if you didn’t have access to the information?


	Griffiths & King (93): corporate employees
		Found that US companies spent about $400-1K per capita on libraries.
		Reported about 3:1 return on investment
	With library:
	$515 Library subscription cost
	$95 Library

	No library:
	$3300 Cost to access individual materials

	These cost only includes buying material, not administrative time in acquiring them.
	So actual savings is higher.


	Ancient Era
		Public – for religious conversion
		Private – for knowledge and prestige

	The copying of the Bible by monks in the dark ages
		To educate them
		To spread religion


Johann Gutenberg (c. 1397-1468):
	Neither the inventor of moveable type nor printing
	Paired a wine press with moveable type

Transformed Europe’s spread of information
	First publication was the Bible
		Speed allowed mass production and cheaper pricing


		Public – for religious conversion government clearinghouse
			Make sure the public has:
			Access to the information
			Gets authoritative information

		Private – for knowledge and prestige business and entertainment


	Subscription fees
		Per month, per year
	Connection time fee
		Per minute (e.g., Mead Data Central)
	Advertising
		By an interested party
		other economic models apply here
	Access fee
		Per download, may not have profile to remember that you accessed this resource before
	Per-byte fee
		Typical of connection services (e.g., Broadband)