1	Digital Library Policy Legal, Economical, and Social Aspects Module 10 Min-Yen KAN
2	Outline Intellectual property rights Economics of the (digital) library Social Policy with respect to the DL
3	Jerome’s translation of the Bible Perhaps the first copyright dispute In 521, the Irish missionary Columba secretly copied a very treasured translation of the Bible. When his master Finnian found out, he demanded that Columba turn over the copy. Columba refused and the matter went to the High King of Ireland, Diarmit. What do you guess the ruling was? _____________________________ Lerner, The story of libraries, p. 41
4	Intellectual property rights Copyright Law Fair Use First Sale
5	Two worlds: digital and print media
6	Rights Management In general, “Rights” can mean many things: Access rights – can I see/use/copy it? Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – who owns it? Where do I go to get access rights?
7	Access Policy We have been mostly concentrating on making the distribution of materials as easy and quick as possible. But that’s not always the case.
8	Restricting Access in DLs Integrated with the Warwick Framework Cryptolope Steganography / Document watermarking Hardware solutions No copy protection Better than it may seem
9	Copyrights Copyright Public domain Open source
10	Open Source Licensing All open source licenses: Allow free redistribution, Make the source code available Allow derived works (modify the code and offer a “new” program) Must not discriminate against persons, groups, or fields of endeavor Must not be product specific MIT License which grants unrestricted rights to copy, modify, and redistribute as long as the original copyright and license terms are retained. BSD License requires acknowledgements to be made in advertisements and documentation. The ____________ allows unrestricted rights to copy, use, and locally modify. It allows the redistribution of modified binary programs, but restricts distribution of modified sources. The GNU General Public License (GPL) requires that a program that uses portions of GPL'ed source code must also be licensed under the GPL.
11	Take a quick break: a survey How much do you value your library? Take a guess! à Here’s are some ways to do it. What’s the cost of buying the sources yourself? What’s the opportunity cost if you didn’t have access to the information?
12	A cost model for libraries Griffiths & King (93): corporate employees Found that US companies spent about $400-1K per capita on libraries. Reported about 3:1 return on investment With library: $515 Library subscription cost $95 Library No library: $3300 Cost to access individual materials These cost only includes buying material, not administrative time in acquiring them. So actual savings is ________
13	A brief history of the economics of information Ancient Era Public – for _________________ Private – for _________________ The copying of the Bible by monks in the dark ages To educate them To spread religion
14	Gutenberg printing press Johann Gutenberg (c. 1397-1468): Neither the inventor of moveable type nor printing Paired a wine press with moveable type Transformed Europe’s spread of information First publication was the Bible ________________
15	The dichotomy today Public – for religious conversion government clearinghouse Make sure the public has: Access to the information Gets authoritative information Private – for knowledge and prestige business and entertainment
16	Economics of scholarly media Will the automated library as we know it survive?
17	Economics of scholarly media Will the automated library as we know it survive?
18	Two worlds: digital and print media
19	Models for digital economies Subscription fees Per month, per year Connection time fee Per minute (e.g., Mead Data Central) Advertising By an interested party other economic models apply here Access fee Per download, may not have profile to remember that you accessed this resource before Per-byte fee Typical of connection services (e.g., Broadband)
20	Access versus ownership With DL materials we can’t really track ownership, just access Trend towards ______________ Publisher: better targeted marketing Library: better profile of user community
21	Crisis for publishers Ease of publication allows more information to be free And for people to break copyright (perhaps accidentally) Ease of accessing (free) information deters users from accessing more cumbersome-to-use sources c.f., Zipf’s law Traditional functions of publishers are taken on by free services Free e-journals do rigorous peer review Search engines act as distributor
22	Self-archiving To deposit a digital document in a publicly accessible website. Preprint: before copyright restrictions have been signed Not a true publication*: ________________________________. Detractors: accessibility will hurt future revenues of the journal Perhaps 60-80% of a publisher’s budget doesn’t go towards the direct publication costs
23	E-prints Differing acceptance from different fields Physics: accept only if concurrently preprinted Medicine, Business: accept only if not preprinted E-journal model: who assumes the cost? Authoring a text Peer review Marketing Editor Publication
24	Peer review limitations Goal of peer review is to insure: Previous work adequately acknowledged Experimental methodology realistic and reproducible Analysis of data justifies conclusions Peters and Ceci (82): Resubmitted 12 psychology articles already published with different author names, 8 of 9 recommended against acceptance and were rejected “serious methodological flaw”, not because of déjà vu. Inglefinger study of NEJM reviewers: Concordance of reviews only slightly better than chance Reviewers not skilled in all areas of a study, unable to discern poor writing and have their own biases
25	Cost structuring Movie distribution as a possible model (Lesk, p. 206)
26	Legal Deposit
27	Preservation Y2K – two digits to mean four If you knew COBOL, you could get a high paid job. Legacy systems and knowledge need to be preserved Use standard formats! Media lifetime Tape 15 years CDR ________ HD 30 years Software/Hardware lifetime New hardware 3-7 years Software cycles faster How to access old files, applications?
28	The Digital Divide A case of the rich getting richer?
29	Undoing the Divide Can use access rights to impose an unequal payment scheme Blackwell’s – all 600 journals made free to the Russian Federation. JSTOR – cost to access its DL depends on the size of the organization. Open source movement – make software available to anyone
30	Libraries of the Future Immediate, random-access to recent knowledge May not understand foundation material More effort in selection of materials Publisher models changing, unifying International policy becoming more prominent Customized books as the future?
31	That’s it Hope it has been a fun trip for you!
32	References Copyright in Singapore http://www.ipos.gov.sg/newdesign/indexpage/inner_frame.html?section=aboutip&sub=4 Self-Archiving FAQ http://www.eprints.org/self-faq/ JSTOR www.jstor.org The future of libraries? Stephenson, Neal (00) Diamond Age: A young lady’s illustrated primer, Doubleday
33	To think about… How does the economics of libraries and the information explosion influence Bradford’s law? Do you think self-archiving and e-journal venues pose a threat to the journal publisher? As a single site, the Internet Archives, can’t hope to keep track of all web pages on the net Can you think of a better solution? How would you go about designing a national web page archive for Singapore?