Digital Library Policy

Legal, Economical, and Social Aspects

Module 10 Min-Yen KAN

Outline

Intellectual property rights

Economics of the (digital) library

Social Policy with respect to the DL

Jerome’s translation of the Bible

Perhaps the first copyright dispute

In 521, the Irish missionary Columba secretly copied a very treasured translation of the Bible. When his master Finnian found out, he demanded that Columba turn over the copy. Columba refused and the matter went to the High King of Ireland, Diarmit.

What do you guess the ruling was?

_____________________________

Lerner, The story of libraries, p. 41

Intellectual property rights

Copyright Law

Fair Use

First Sale

Two worlds: digital and print media

Rights Management

In general,

“Rights” can mean many things:

Access rights – can I see/use/copy it?

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – who owns it? Where do I go to get access rights?

Access Policy

We have been mostly concentrating on making the distribution of materials as easy and quick as possible.

But that’s not
always the case.

Restricting Access in DLs

Integrated with the Warwick Framework

Cryptolope

Steganography /
Document watermarking

Hardware solutions

No copy protection

Better than it may seem

Copyrights

Copyright

Public domain

Open source

Open Source Licensing

All open source licenses:

Allow free redistribution,

Make the source code available

Allow derived works (modify the code and offer a “new” program)

Must not discriminate against persons, groups, or fields of endeavor

Must not be product specific

MIT License which grants unrestricted rights to copy, modify, and redistribute as long as the original copyright and license terms are retained.

BSD License requires acknowledgements to be made in advertisements and documentation.

The ____________ allows unrestricted rights to copy, use, and locally modify. It allows the redistribution of modified binary programs, but restricts distribution of modified sources.

The GNU General Public License (GPL) requires that a program that uses portions of GPL'ed source code must also be licensed under the GPL.

Take a quick break: a survey

How much do you value your library?

Take a guess! à

Here’s are some ways to do it.

What’s the cost of buying the sources yourself?

What’s the opportunity cost if you didn’t have access to the information?

A cost model for libraries

Griffiths & King (93): corporate employees

Found that US companies spent about $400-1K per capita on libraries.

Reported about 3:1 return on investment

With library:

$515 Library subscription
cost

$95 Library

No library:

$3300 Cost to access
individual materials

These cost only includes buying material, not administrative time in acquiring them.

So actual savings is ________

A brief history of the economics of information

Ancient Era

Public – for _________________

Private – for _________________

The copying of the Bible by monks in the dark ages

To educate them

To spread religion

Gutenberg printing press

Johann Gutenberg
(c. 1397-1468):

Neither the inventor of moveable type nor printing

Paired a wine press with moveable type

Transformed Europe’s spread of information

First publication was the Bible

________________

The dichotomy today

Public – for religious conversion
government clearinghouse

Make sure the public has:

Access to the information

Gets authoritative information

Private – for knowledge and prestige
business and entertainment

Economics of scholarly media

Will the automated library as we know it survive?

Two worlds: digital and print media

Models for digital economies

Subscription fees

Per month, per year

Connection time fee

Per minute (e.g., Mead Data Central)

Advertising

By an interested party

other economic models apply here

Access fee

Per download, may not have profile to remember that you accessed this resource before

Per-byte fee

Typical of connection services (e.g., Broadband)

Access versus ownership

With DL materials we can’t really track ownership, just access

Trend towards ______________

Publisher: better targeted marketing

Library: better profile of user community

Crisis for publishers

Ease of publication allows more information to be free

And for people to break copyright
(perhaps accidentally)

Ease of accessing (free) information deters users from accessing more cumbersome-to-use sources

c.f., Zipf’s law

Traditional functions of publishers are taken on by free services

Free e-journals do rigorous peer review

Search engines act as distributor

Self-archiving

To deposit a digital document in a publicly accessible website.

Preprint: before copyright restrictions have been signed

Not a true publication*: ________________________________.

Detractors: accessibility will hurt future revenues of the journal

Perhaps 60-80% of a publisher’s budget doesn’t go towards the direct publication costs

E-prints

Differing acceptance from different fields

Physics: accept only if concurrently preprinted

Medicine, Business: accept only if not preprinted

E-journal model: who assumes the cost?

Authoring a text

Peer review

Marketing

Editor

Publication

Peer review limitations

Goal of peer review is to insure:

Previous work adequately acknowledged

Experimental methodology realistic and reproducible

Analysis of data justifies conclusions

Peters and Ceci (82):

Resubmitted 12 psychology articles already published with different author names, 8 of 9 recommended against acceptance and were rejected “serious methodological flaw”, not because of déjà vu.

Inglefinger study of NEJM reviewers:

Concordance of reviews only slightly better than chance

Reviewers not skilled in all areas of a study, unable to discern poor writing and have their own biases

Cost structuring

Movie distribution as a possible model (Lesk, p. 206)

Legal Deposit

Preservation

Y2K – two digits to mean four

If you knew COBOL, you could get a high paid job.

Legacy systems and knowledge need to be preserved

Use standard formats!

Media lifetime

Tape 15 years

CDR ________

HD 30 years

Software/Hardware lifetime

New hardware 3-7 years

Software cycles faster

How to access old files, applications?

The Digital Divide

A case of the rich getting richer?

Undoing the Divide

Can use access rights to impose an unequal payment scheme

Blackwell’s – all 600 journals made free to the Russian Federation.

JSTOR – cost to access its DL depends on the size of the organization.

Open source movement – make software available to anyone

Libraries of the Future

Immediate, random-access to recent knowledge

May not understand foundation material

More effort in selection of materials

Publisher models changing, unifying

International policy becoming more prominent

Customized books as the future?

That’s it

Hope it has been
a fun trip for you!

References

Copyright in Singapore
http://www.ipos.gov.sg/newdesign/indexpage/inner_frame.html?section=aboutip&sub=4

Self-Archiving FAQ
http://www.eprints.org/self-faq/

JSTOR

www.jstor.org

The future of libraries?
Stephenson, Neal (00) Diamond Age: A young lady’s illustrated primer, Doubleday

To think about…

How does the economics of libraries and the information explosion influence Bradford’s law?

Do you think self-archiving and e-journal venues pose a threat to the journal publisher?

As a single site, the Internet Archives, can’t hope to keep track of all web pages on the net

Can you think of a better solution?

How would you go about designing a national web page archive for Singapore?


	Intellectual property rights

	Economics of the (digital) library

	Social Policy with respect to the DL


	Perhaps the first copyright dispute
	In 521, the Irish missionary Columba secretly copied a very treasured translation of the Bible. When his master Finnian found out, he demanded that Columba turn over the copy. Columba refused and the matter went to the High King of Ireland, Diarmit.

	What do you guess the ruling was?
	_____________________________
	Lerner, The story of libraries, p. 41


	In general,
	“Rights” can mean many things:
		Access rights – can I see/use/copy it?
		Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – who owns it? Where do I go to get access rights?


	We have been mostly concentrating on making the distribution of materials as easy and quick as possible.
	But that’s not always the case.


	Integrated with the Warwick Framework
		Cryptolope
		Steganography / Document watermarking
		Hardware solutions
	No copy protection
		Better than it may seem


	All open source licenses:
	Allow free redistribution,
	Make the source code available
	Allow derived works (modify the code and offer a “new” program)
	Must not discriminate against persons, groups, or fields of endeavor
	Must not be product specific
	MIT License which grants unrestricted rights to copy, modify, and redistribute as long as the original copyright and license terms are retained.
	BSD License requires acknowledgements to be made in advertisements and documentation.
	The ____________ allows unrestricted rights to copy, use, and locally modify. It allows the redistribution of modified binary programs, but restricts distribution of modified sources.
	The GNU General Public License (GPL) requires that a program that uses portions of GPL'ed source code must also be licensed under the GPL.


	How much do you value your library?

	Take a guess! à


	Here’s are some ways to do it.
		What’s the cost of buying the sources yourself?
		What’s the opportunity cost if you didn’t have access to the information?


	Griffiths & King (93): corporate employees
		Found that US companies spent about $400-1K per capita on libraries.
		Reported about 3:1 return on investment
	With library:
	$515 Library subscription cost
	$95 Library

	No library:
	$3300 Cost to access individual materials

	These cost only includes buying material, not administrative time in acquiring them.
	So actual savings is ________


	Ancient Era
		Public – for _________________
		Private – for _________________

	The copying of the Bible by monks in the dark ages
		To educate them
		To spread religion


Johann Gutenberg (c. 1397-1468):
	Neither the inventor of moveable type nor printing
	Paired a wine press with moveable type

Transformed Europe’s spread of information
	First publication was the Bible
		________________


		Public – for religious conversion government clearinghouse
			Make sure the public has:
			Access to the information
			Gets authoritative information

		Private – for knowledge and prestige business and entertainment


	Subscription fees
		Per month, per year
	Connection time fee
		Per minute (e.g., Mead Data Central)
	Advertising
		By an interested party
		other economic models apply here
	Access fee
		Per download, may not have profile to remember that you accessed this resource before
	Per-byte fee
		Typical of connection services (e.g., Broadband)


	With DL materials we can’t really track ownership, just access

	Trend towards ______________
		Publisher: better targeted marketing
		Library: better profile of user community


	Ease of publication allows more information to be free
		And for people to break copyright (perhaps accidentally)

	Ease of accessing (free) information deters users from accessing more cumbersome-to-use sources
		c.f., Zipf’s law

	Traditional functions of publishers are taken on by free services
		Free e-journals do rigorous peer review
		Search engines act as distributor


To deposit a digital document in a publicly accessible website.
	Preprint: before copyright restrictions have been signed

	Not a true publication*: ________________________________.

	Detractors: accessibility will hurt future revenues of the journal
		Perhaps 60-80% of a publisher’s budget doesn’t go towards the direct publication costs


	Differing acceptance from different fields
		Physics: accept only if concurrently preprinted
		Medicine, Business: accept only if not preprinted

	E-journal model: who assumes the cost?
		Authoring a text
		Peer review
		Marketing
		Editor
		Publication


	Goal of peer review is to insure:
		Previous work adequately acknowledged
		Experimental methodology realistic and reproducible
		Analysis of data justifies conclusions

	Peters and Ceci (82):
		Resubmitted 12 psychology articles already published with different author names, 8 of 9 recommended against acceptance and were rejected “serious methodological flaw”, not because of déjà vu.

	Inglefinger study of NEJM reviewers:
		Concordance of reviews only slightly better than chance
		Reviewers not skilled in all areas of a study, unable to discern poor writing and have their own biases


	Y2K – two digits to mean four
		If you knew COBOL, you could get a high paid job.
		Legacy systems and knowledge need to be preserved

	Use standard formats!
	Media lifetime
		Tape 15 years
		CDR ________
		HD 30 years

	Software/Hardware lifetime
		New hardware 3-7 years
		Software cycles faster
		How to access old files, applications?


	Can use access rights to impose an unequal payment scheme

		Blackwell’s – all 600 journals made free to the Russian Federation.
		JSTOR – cost to access its DL depends on the size of the organization.
		Open source movement – make software available to anyone


	Immediate, random-access to recent knowledge
	May not understand foundation material
	More effort in selection of materials
	Publisher models changing, unifying
	International policy becoming more prominent
	Customized books as the future?


	Copyright in Singapore http://www.ipos.gov.sg/newdesign/indexpage/inner_frame.html?section=aboutip&sub=4

	Self-Archiving FAQ http://www.eprints.org/self-faq/

	JSTOR
	www.jstor.org

	The future of libraries? Stephenson, Neal (00) Diamond Age: A young lady’s illustrated primer, Doubleday


	How does the economics of libraries and the information explosion influence Bradford’s law?

	Do you think self-archiving and e-journal venues pose a threat to the journal publisher?

	As a single site, the Internet Archives, can’t hope to keep track of all web pages on the net
		Can you think of a better solution?
		How would you go about designing a national web page archive for Singapore?