1	Manual cataloging and indexing Module 5 Min-Yen KAN *heavily drawn from Lancaster (98) Indexing and Abstracting in Theory and Practice
2	Mesopotamian Catalogs Mesopotamians kept track of their tablets with a list of their incipits: What is it? A poem?
3	Some Definitions (Subject) Indexing Assigning index terms to represent a document Assists in document retrieval Classification Assigning a label to a document to assist in organizing that information Not necessarily semantic labels
4	Steps in Subject Indexing Conceptual analysis Determine “aboutness” Computational approaches: TF × IDF Translation Expressing the concepts as index terms In controlled vocabularies, similar to Taylor’s (68) compromised need
5	Conceptual analysis Generic: What is it about? What’s the main content e.g., The History of Sociology Specific: Why has it been added to our collection? What aspects will our users be interested in? c.f., “Every reader his book” Thus, organizations index differently Different subjects (specialty, general interest) Different materials (own materials, 3^rd party)
6	Index terms 1. Libraries 2. 3. 4. 5.
7	Number of index terms in record Long (Exhaustive) Gives good recall at cost of precision Few records fit in the UI Hard to figure out which are main aspects Short (Selective) Gives good precision at cost of recall Less work In practice: offer levels of indexing for tasks Index Terms Abstract
8	Translation Extraction: use terms directly from the source itself Assignment: use terms from an outside source. Usually from a controlled vocabulary.
9	Controlled vocabularies Benefits (Potentially) high precision, high recall Question: which of these components is more important? Drawbacks Costly to construct and maintain Is difficult to use Need CV knowledge
10	Controlled vocabulary objectives Control / suggest synonyms, pick an authoritative term Especially for entities: people (maiden names to married names), places (St. Petersburg) Distinguish among homographs (e.g., mercury, turkey) Link terms with their relationship (is-a and all others (associative))
11	Controlled vocabulary usability Good structure to find the appropriate term Standard fields in an CV: USE/UF: Use instead / Use For (authoritative) BT/NT: Broader / Narrower Term in terms of hierarchy RT: Related Term (Associative Term) Applied by experienced personnel A large vocabulary can be hard to map to Question: What to do if the controlled vocabulary has no term for the concept to be indexed?
12	Controlled vocabulary examples General CVs Sears List of Subject Headings More general divisions, not intended for research libraries Geared towards general subdivisions Library of Congress Subject Headinges (LCSH) Comprehensive, very large, over five volumes Domain-specific CV Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Byproduct of indexing the NLM Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) Object, images, architecture, styles ERIC Thesaurus Educational materials (journals, lesson plans and computer files)
13	Classification
14	Objectives of classification Uniqueness Be able to fetch a specific resource given a call number Notational Permanence (Seldom) have to reorganize/reassign labels (e.g., paradigm shift in mathematics) Comprehensive Can successfully classify most things Serendipity Collocate related subjects together Ease of Use Ways of resolving ambiguities (e.g., given religious architecture and Egyptian architecture, where does an article on the architecture of Egyptian temples go?)
15	Types of classification Enumerative Produce an alphabetical list of subject headings, assign numbers to each heading in alphabetical order Hierarchical Recursively divides subjects hierarchically, from most general to most specific Faceted (analytico-synthetic): Analytic: Divides subjects into mutually exclusive orthogonal facets Synthetic: Combine facets to get a new class - From Taylor (92)
16	Dewey Decimal Classification Divide knowledge into ten classes Recursively divide these categories into ten (or fewer classes) Assign another digit What type of classification scheme is it? 000 Generalities 100 Philosophy & psychology 200 Religion 300 Social sciences 400 Language 500 Natural sciences & mathematics 600 Technology (Applied sciences) 700 The arts 800 Literature & rhetoric 900 Geography & history
17	ACM Classification scheme Four-level tree 3 coded levels and a fourth uncoded level) 16 General Terms H. Information Systems H.0 GENERAL H.1 MODELS AND PRINCIPLES H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT (E.5) H.3 INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL H.4 INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS H.5 INFORMATION INTERFACES ANDPRESENTATION (e.g., HCI) (I.7) H.m MISCELLANEOUS I. Computing Methodologies I.0 GENERAL I.1 SYMBOLIC AND ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATION I.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE I.3 COMPUTER GRAPHICS I.4 IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER VISION I.5 PATTERN RECOGNITION I.6 SIMULATION AND MODELING (G.3) I.7 DOCUMENT AND TEXT PROCESSING (H.4, H.5) I.m MISCELLANEOUS
18	Faceted Indexing Facet – a characteristic of the resource (e.g., language) Each facet organized hierarchically allow drill-down browsing represented by set values (taxonomy) continuous values (spectrum)
19	Colon Classification Raganathan proposed 5 basic facets (PMEST): Personality – the subject matter Material Energy – process or action Space Time Each facet would have its own classification schedule String together notation to get classification number Example: The design of wooden furniture in 18th century America
20	To think about… Now that we have free-text searching, do you feel controlled vocabularies are still necessary or not? What do you feel their impact will be in the future of the digital library? How would to improve the ACM classification scheme? How to deal with legacy schemes? Booksellers also need to use classification to shelve books. Which type of classification do you think booksellers use? Would you make any adaptations to the classification schemes shown today?